
The common ancestor
No fossil is securely identified as the last common ancestor of sapiens, Neanderthals and Denisovans.
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No fossil is securely identified as the last common ancestor of sapiens, Neanderthals and Denisovans.
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Genomes reveal several populations, but fossils and securely attributed material cultures remain sparse.
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H. erectus, H. longi, H. juluensis and Denisovan-related populations overlap conceptually.
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Speech leaves no direct fossil and anatomy does not reveal a full linguistic system.
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Island settlement proves water crossing, but boats, routes and frequency are rarely preserved.
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Traditional archives overrepresent adult male tools, elites and monuments.
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Not all true knowledge is public, extractable or appropriately archived.
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Many mobile, forest, maritime and non-literate societies experienced transformations invisible to state chronicles.
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Commensals, microbes, weeds and pests coevolved with us without deliberate breeding.
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Biotechnology, AI, isolation and off-world environments could alter inheritance and identity.
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